9 agosto

Caesar’s veterans broke Pompey’s larger army in Thessaly. Pompey fled to Egypt, where courtiers of the boy king Ptolemy XIII stabbed him as he stepped ashore and later offered Caesar his head.

Goths let across the Danube two years earlier, fleeing the Huns, had risen against Roman mistreatment. Valens attacked without waiting for his western colleague; two-thirds of his army died with him, and his body was never found.

Six prisoners condemned to hang were promised their freedom if they submitted to inoculation, in a trial licensed by George I and backed by Caroline, Princess of Wales. Maitland inoculated them at Newgate; all six survived and were released. In 1722 Caroline had two of her daughters inoculated.

The schooner is a Russian from Varna called the Demeter, in ballast of silver sand and with a cargo of great wooden boxes filled with mould, consigned to the Whitby solicitor Mr. S. F. Billington of 7, The Crescent. A coal merchant’s mastiff is found dead near the pier, its throat torn away, and…

After a trial cruise in the North Atlantic, the Fram sailed from Kristiansand with nineteen men, ninety-seven dogs, four pigs, six carrier pigeons and one canary, by Nilsen’s count. The Greenland dogs came aboard at Kristiansand to cross the equator twice.

In seven days Owens won the 100 metres, the long jump, the 200 metres and the 4 × 100 metres relay, which set a world record. He ran the relay only because the coaches dropped Marty Glickman and Sam Stoller, the team’s two Jewish sprinters, on the morning of the heats.

His last and longest detention, with Kasturba. Six days in, his secretary of twenty-five years, Mahadev Desai, died of a heart attack. He was released, ill with malaria, in May 1944. Both are commemorated in the palace grounds.

Shostakovich wrote most of his Seventh Symphony in the besieged city. For its performance there, Karl Eliasberg rebuilt the half-starved Radio Orchestra with players from army bands, and loudspeakers carried it across the city and towards the German lines. The premiere had been in Kuibyshev that…

The Manhattan Engineer District, named for its first office on Broadway, was put under General Leslie Groves in September 1942. It employed some 130,000 people at its peak and cost about $2 billion by 1945. It ran until 1947; the band stops at Nagasaki.

At 11:02 local time the B-29 Bockscar, turned back from a cloud-covered Kokura, dropped Fat Man, an implosion bomb like Trinity’s. It burst about 500 metres over the Urakami valley with a yield of about 21 kilotons. The Strategic Bombing Survey counted 35,000 to 40,000 killed. The city’s later…

Cloud over the first target, Kokura, sent the B-29 Bockscar on to Nagasaki, where a plutonium bomb exploded at 11:02 local time over the Urakami valley. The Radiation Effects Research Foundation estimates that 60,000 to 80,000 people died within two to four months.

Twelve teams of artists and architects each built a room. Richard Hamilton’s small collage for the poster, Just what is it that makes today’s homes so different, so appealing?, shows a bodybuilder holding a giant lollipop marked “POP”.

Led by Lilian Ngoyi, Helen Joseph, Rahima Moosa and Sophia Williams, they came to protest against passes for women and left piles of petitions at the office of the prime minister, J. G. Strijdom, who was away. They stood in silence for thirty minutes, then sang: “Wathint’ abafazi, wathint’…

He pardoned Nixon on 8 September 1974. His own vice president, Nelson Rockefeller, was also appointed under the 25th Amendment: for two years neither office was held by someone elected to it.

Watergate took with it the man who had promised Thiệu American retaliation. Congress was already cutting military aid to Saigon, and South Vietnamese units began to ration ammunition.

Nixon announced his resignation on television the evening before, the only president to resign. Ford took the oath in the East Room: “Our long national nightmare is over. Our Constitution works.” He is the only president never elected president or vice president.

Re-elected with 520 electoral votes. The investigations of the Watergate break-in and its cover-up ended the term 18 months in.

The first Games without a boycott since 1972. Germany came as one team, the former Soviet republics as the Unified Team, and South Africa returned after thirty-two years of exclusion for apartheid.

For sixty-eight years the Winter and Summer Games fell in the same year. In 1986 the IOC voted to split them, and the next Winter Games came two years after Albertville, at Lillehammer in 1994.

From Netscape's IPO — priced at $28 a share, opening at $71 — to the bottom of the crash. The Nasdaq closed at 5,048 on 10 March 2000 and lost 78% by October 2002, taking Pets.com, Webvan and hundreds more with it. Amazon and eBay made it through.

From Netscape’s flotation to the Nasdaq’s bottom. Companies with no profits and sometimes no revenue went public on a web address; adding “.com” to a firm’s name was enough to lift its shares.

Priced at 28 dollars, the shares opened at 71 and closed the first day at 58.25. A company that had never made a profit was worth nearly 3 billion dollars by the evening.

The French bank stopped withdrawals, citing the “complete evaporation of liquidity” in parts of the US securitisation market. The European Central Bank lent banks 95 billion euros that day.

France’s largest bank said it could no longer value the American mortgage securities in three of its investment funds, so investors could not take money out. Within hours the European Central Bank had lent banks 94.8 billion euros overnight, more than it had ever lent in a day.

From the day the money markets froze to the low in American shares. The S&P 500 lost 57 per cent from its October 2007 high.

Thirteen months in which banks stopped trusting one another. Nobody knew who held the bad mortgage securities, so lending between banks dried up and central banks had to stand in for the market with new lending facilities, one after another.

It is unequivocal that human influence has warmed the atmosphere, ocean and land. For the first time the IPCC stated the human cause without a likelihood attached. The summary was approved line by line by governments in an online session.

Breaking made its Olympic debut on a stage at Place de la Concorde. Ami Yuasa of Japan, B-Girl Ami, won the first gold that evening; Philip Kim of Canada, B-Boy Phil Wizard, won the men’s event the next day. Breaking is not on the programme for Los Angeles 2028.