13 de julio

The Breton captain whom Charles V had made Constable of France in 1370 died besieging the castle of Châteauneuf-de-Randon; its garrison is said to have laid the keys on his bier. Charles V died two months later, on 16 September, leaving a boy of eleven as king.

Zhu Di, Prince of Yan, rose against his nephew, the Jianwen Emperor, claiming to “clear away the troubles” at court. His eunuch Ma He fought in the defence of Beiping, and distinguished himself at Zhenglunba, a reservoir outside the city whose name later gave him his surname.

A gate was opened to the Yan army and the palace burned. The Jianwen Emperor was never seen again, and rumours that he had escaped overseas were later given as one reason for sending the fleets out: to look for him. Most historians doubt it was the real one.

The old Congress, in New York, set out how the land north of the Ohio would become states and banned slavery there. It promised the “utmost good faith” towards the Indians, whose land it was.

The indian woman who has been of great Service to me as a pilot through this Country recommends a gap in the mountain more South which I shall cross. — Clark This was her own people’s country, and she was right: the gap took Clark over to the Yellowstone. The railway and the interstate cross there…

A draft that let the rich buy out for $300 set off four days of riots, mostly by Irish working men, that turned into a pogrom against Black New Yorkers. Rioters lynched Black men and burned the Colored Orphan Asylum on Fifth Avenue; its 233 children escaped. The official toll was 119 or 120 dead.…

After a lost war with Russia, the powers redrew the Balkans: Serbia, Montenegro and Romania became independent, Bulgaria autonomous, and Bosnia passed under Austro-Hungarian occupation. Britain had already taken Cyprus to administer.

Past Cape Matapan the crew are “dissatisfied about something” and seem scared, but will not say what. By 14 July the men tell the mate there is “something” and cross themselves, and he strikes one of them.

Thirteen teams in 1930 and 1950, sixteen from 1954 on, nearly all from Europe and South America. In 1966 the African nations boycotted the qualifiers because Africa, Asia and Oceania had one place between them; from 1970 Africa had a place of its own.

Uruguay won the vote by offering to pay every visitor’s fare and hotel, and to build a stadium for the centenary of its constitution. Only four European teams made the two-week crossing. On the first day Lucien Laurent of France scored the first World Cup goal, against Mexico.

The Anschluss made the Austrian-born Lise Meitner, a Jew by descent, subject to Nazi law after thirty years in Berlin. The Dutch physicist Dirk Coster took her across the border by train with two small suitcases; Hahn gave her his mother’s diamond ring for emergencies. She went on to Stockholm.

In the abandoned McDonald ranch house, its master bedroom turned clean room, Louis Slotin and his team fitted the two hemispheres of about 6 kilograms of plutonium around their neutron initiator. That afternoon it went into the explosive assembly at the foot of the tower.

Built with Soviet help at Changchun, FAW rolled out its first Jiefang (“Liberation”) CA-10, a copy of the Soviet ZIS-150 truck. Two years later it built the Hongqi (“Red Flag”) limousine for party leaders; for decades, China made almost no cars for private buyers.

Promulgated this day; in force from 1 February 1966. A married woman could take a job and open a bank account without her husband’s permission and manage her own property. The husband stayed legal head of the family until 1970.

The British former world champion collapsed near the summit on a very hot day and died that afternoon, aged 29. The post-mortem found amphetamines and alcohol. He was the third rider to die in the race, after Adolphe Hélière in 1910 and Francisco Cepeda in 1935.

His eldest son Thembi, twenty-four, was killed in a car crash in the Transkei. The request to attend the funeral was refused, as it had been for his mother’s the year before. That May, Winnie had been detained under the Terrorism Act; she was held 491 days, most of them in solitary confinement.

Fischer refused to play while the film cameras stayed in the hall and did not turn up. Spassky led 2–0, and Fischer booked a flight home.

Before an operation for colon cancer Reagan sent Congress a letter passing his powers to Vice President George H. W. Bush for about eight hours. It followed Section 3 of the 25th Amendment without naming it.

Mario Götze, on as a substitute, scored in the 113th minute. Germany became the first European team to win in the Americas.

A year earlier, a million Brazilians had marched against the cost of the stadiums while public services went short. Goal-line technology was used for the first time.