8. Oktober

The emperor’s council defined Christ as one person “in two natures”. The churches of Egypt, Ethiopia, Syria and Armenia rejected it, and the Oriental Orthodox have gone their own way since, the first division of the churches that still stands.

Henry left Harfleur with a sick, shrunken army to march to Calais in eight days. Finding Blanchetaque guarded, he had to follow the Somme upstream for a week before crossing at Voyennes and Béthencourt, and the French army was waiting across his road at Agincourt.

Every attempt to sail east from Asia had failed against the trade winds. The friar-navigator Andrés de Urdaneta went north to the westerlies and reached Acapulco in 129 days. The Manila galleons followed his route for 250 years.

George and Robert Stephenson’s engine, with a multi-tube boiler and a blast pipe, was the only one to finish the trial. Novelty, the crowd’s favourite, broke down, and Sans Pareil cracked a cylinder. Running light, Rocket reached about 30 miles an hour.

The Liverpool and Manchester Railway offered £500 for the best locomotive. George and Robert Stephenson’s Rocket, with a multi-tube boiler and a blast pipe, was the only engine to finish the trial. Novelty, the crowd’s favourite, broke down; running light, Rocket reached about 30 miles an hour.

Montenegro, Serbia, Greece and Bulgaria took almost all that was left of Ottoman Europe, Salonica included. Edirne fell in March 1913 and was retaken in July, when the victors fell out among themselves.

The alliance of non-cooperation had collapsed into riots, the worst at Kohat. He fasted in the Delhi house of his Khilafat ally Mohamed Ali as “a penance and a prayer”.

A year after no robot car got more than 12 km into the Mojave, Stanford’s driverless Volkswagen finished the 212-kilometre desert course in under seven hours, and four more cars finished behind it. It used probabilistic models and machine learning to tell road from rough.

Iceland’s regulator took over Landsbanki on 7 October. It owned Icesave, which held savings for some 300,000 people in Britain, and Gordon Brown’s government froze its British assets under an anti-terrorism law.

The Fed, the European Central Bank, the Bank of England, the Bank of Canada, the Swiss National Bank and Sweden’s Riksbank each cut by half a point at the same moment, a coordinated move without precedent.

Announced before the markets opened: 50 billion pounds to buy shares in banks, 200 billion of short-term loans and 250 billion of guarantees for their borrowing. Recapitalising the banks, not buying their bad assets, became the model others followed.

Governments asked in Paris what 1.5 °C would take. The answer, released in Incheon: CO₂ emissions falling about 45 per cent from 2010 levels by 2030 and reaching net zero around 2050.

For “foundational discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with artificial neural networks”. Hinton, who had left Google the year before, used his interviews to warn about the risks of the technology he had helped create.

The Physics prize went to John Hopfield and Geoffrey Hinton for the foundations of machine learning with neural networks. The next day, half the Chemistry prize went to Demis Hassabis and John Jumper for AlphaFold.