28. Juni

Three days after the crusaders got in, Kerbogha, atabeg of Mosul, arrived with a coalition army and shut them inside the city they had just taken. Some of the leaders slipped over the walls by rope and fled.

The army marched out of the gates in divisions, many of the knights on foot for want of horses. Kerbogha’s coalition, split by the rivalries of its emirs, broke up and fled. Ibn al-Athir blamed his arrogance toward his allies.

The emperor Frederick II sailed years late and excommunicated for the delay, with a small army and no papal blessing.

A Belgian instrument maker working in Paris patented a family of brass instruments played with a clarinet’s single reed. Berlioz praised his work. Orchestras mostly left the saxophone out; military bands, and later jazz, took it up.

A railway engineer from Chicago, hamstrung by a seven-man commission in Washington that argued over every requisition. When yellow fever broke out in 1905 he took fright, and he resigned after one year for a better-paid job, to Secretary of War Taft’s fury.

The riders left Paris the morning Archduke Franz Ferdinand was shot. Philippe Thys won his second Tour on 26 July; Germany declared war on France eight days later.

Five weeks from the assassination to general war. Clark’s title for the statesmen who made it is The Sleepwalkers: each took steps that made sense alone and none of them wanted the war they got.

The heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne and his wife Sophie had survived a bomb that morning. When their driver took a wrong turn near the Latin Bridge and stalled, Gavrilo Princip, a 19-year-old Bosnian Serb, shot them both from a few feet away at about 10:50 local time.

Signed in the Hall of Mirrors, five years to the day after Sarajevo. Germany lost its colonies and an eighth of its territory, accepted the war-guilt clause of Article 231 and owed reparations. The League of Nations was written into its first part.

Armstrong opened King Oliver’s tune with a free, unaccompanied trumpet cadenza and closed it with a high note held over Earl Hines’s piano. It is often called the most influential jazz recording ever made.

187 women who sewed car-seat covers at Ford walked out when their work was graded less skilled than men’s. With car production stopped, Employment Secretary Barbara Castle brokered a rise to 92 per cent of the men’s rate. Her Equal Pay Act followed in 1970, in force from the end of 1975.

A year and a half after the tsunami, UNESCO announced that the first stage of the Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System was running, with 26 national centres able to receive and pass on warnings.

The FAO Conference declared the cattle plague gone, the second disease ever eradicated, after smallpox, and like it ended by vaccination and surveillance. In the 1890s rinderpest had killed most of the cattle in eastern and southern Africa.

Martin Jinek, Krzysztof Chylinski and colleagues in the Doudna and Charpentier labs showed that the Cas9 protein, guided by two RNAs that can be joined into a single guide RNA, cuts whatever DNA sequence it is programmed to. Online 28 June, in print 17 August 2012.

The grime MC from Croydon became the first Black British solo artist to headline the Pyramid Stage, wearing a stab-proof vest in a Union Jack design by Banksy.