March 10

Baldwin of Boulogne left the main army for the Armenian city of Edessa, was adopted by its ruler Thoros, and took over when a mob killed him. It was the first crusader state and the first to fall, a mostly Armenian county across the Euphrates.

He paid £140 for a gatehouse a few hundred feet from the Blackfriars playhouse, his only known property in London. The deed and its mortgage carry two of his six surviving signatures.

A Protestant cloth merchant, convicted of killing his son to stop him becoming a Catholic, died protesting his innocence. Voltaire took up the family’s cause, and on 9 March 1765 judges in Paris cleared Calas’s name, three years after his death.

Bell’s own notebook records the first sentence he heard understood over his telephone, spoken to his assistant Thomas Watson in the next room. Watson remembered it later as “Mr. Watson, come here, I want you.” It worked with a liquid transmitter, much like the one in Gray’s caveat.

Cherry-Garrard and Dimitri took two dog teams south to One Ton Depot to meet the polar party, with orders not to risk the dogs. They waited a week in blizzards and turned back on 10 March with no sign of Scott. Cherry-Garrard asked himself for the rest of his life whether he should have gone on.

More than 300 B-29s flew in low at night and dropped incendiaries on the wooden houses of eastern Tokyo. The fire burned about 41 square kilometres. Estimates of the dead run from about 80,000 to over 100,000: probably the deadliest air raid in history.

About 350 porters carried the loads east in two parties, over the ridges and rivers of eastern Nepal to the monastery of Thyangboche. Twenty Sherpas were led by their sirdar, Tenzing, back on Everest for the seventh time. In Kathmandu the Sherpas, lodged in the embassy garage, had protested.

At 02:00 North Vietnamese troops struck the lightly held capital of Darlac province, while Saigon’s commanders watched Pleiku. The town fell by 12 March, and the Highlands were open.

It had crossed 4,000 only ten weeks earlier. It would not close higher again until April 2015.

Ayo Animashaun’s Hip Hop World magazine launched an awards show for Nigerian music at the MUSON Centre, later renamed the Headies. Nigerian rap, sung and rapped in Pidgin, Yoruba and Igbo as well as English, grew with it into a pillar of the Afrobeats boom.

On Monday rumours spread that Bear was short of cash. Hedge funds pulled their money and lenders refused to roll over its loans; its cash fell from about 18 billion dollars to 2 billion in four days. By the next Monday it had been sold.

AlphaGo played a shoulder hit on the fifth line that commentators first took for a mistake. By its own estimate a human would have played it about one time in 10,000. It won the game.