30 juni

Not a cathedral but a parish church, paid for by the burghers: Mayor Ludwig Krafft laid the first stone in June 1377. Ulrich Ensinger designed a single west tower of unprecedented height in 1392. The city turned Protestant, money dried up and in 1543 the work stopped with the tower half built.

Dunois’s army took the Gascon castles one by one, and Bordeaux, with no help coming from England, surrendered on terms. Bayonne, the last English town in the south, followed in August.

Trapped in Tenochtitlan after Moctezuma's death, the Spaniards fled by night along the Tlacopan causeway. Hundreds died, many dragged down by the gold they carried, along with far more of their Tlaxcalan allies.

On the night of 30 June to 1 July the Spaniards and Tlaxcalans fled along the Tlacopan causeway in the rain, carrying a portable bridge over the gaps. Hundreds of Spaniards died, many weighed down by the gold they carried, and far more of their allies.

Sir Henry Clinton went further than Dunmore: any enslaved person who fled a rebel master to the British lines, man, woman or child, would be protected and free to work. Tens of thousands took the chance over the rest of the war.

On 17 June they met snow “from 12 to 15 feet deep” and, for the first time, turned back. They tried again with three Nez Perce guides, who found the trail under the snow, and crossed in six days.

Isambard Kingdom Brunel built it on a broad gauge of seven feet, and opened it throughout with the Box Tunnel, nearly two miles long. London to Bristol took about four hours, against the best part of a day by coach.

At the British Association meeting in the new University Museum, Bishop Samuel Wilberforce asked Thomas Huxley whether it was through his grandfather or his grandmother that he claimed descent from an ape. Huxley answered that he would rather have an ape for a grandfather than a man who used his…

Jardine, Matheson and other British firms built a narrow-gauge line out of Shanghai without clear permission from the Qing authorities. After a train killed a man that August, officials bought the line and tore it up; the rails were shipped to Taiwan. It was two decades before track was laid there…

Locked in again, Harker climbs down to the vault, finds the Count looking younger and gorged with blood, and strikes at him with a shovel; it only gashes the forehead as the head turns. He hears the boxes nailed down and carried out and the Szgany driving away. His last words are “Good-bye, all!…

From the Golden Krone at Bistritz to the castle, where Jonathan Harker goes to close the sale of Carfax to Count Dracula and ends a prisoner. His diary breaks off on 30 June; the period ends with it.

Two postulates: the laws of physics are the same for everyone moving steadily, and light always has the same speed. One conclusion: simultaneity is relative, and moving clocks run slow. Thirty pages, no references, and one acknowledgement, to Michele Besso. A talk with Besso in May had broken it…

The Indian Relief Act that followed abolished the £3 tax and recognised Indian marriages. In jail Gandhi had made Smuts a pair of sandals, which Smuts wore for years. When Gandhi sailed, Smuts wrote: “The saint has left our shores, I sincerely hope for ever.”

John von Neumann's write-up of the Moore School team's plans for ENIAC's successor. It described a machine that keeps its program in the same memory as its data — the design nearly every computer since has followed. Only his name was on the cover, which started a dispute over credit with ENIAC's…

The first rock concerts in a hall built for martial arts, and to many Japanese a desecration. Nationalists threatened the band, so they were kept in their hotel and thousands of police filled the hall; the audience sat so quietly the band could hear how out of tune they were.

South Vietnamese and then American troops crossed into Cambodia to destroy North Vietnamese bases and find the Front’s headquarters, which was never found. Nixon announced it on television on 30 April; American ground troops were out by 30 June, under a deadline he had set himself.

Four years after his fit in Paris, Ronaldo scored both goals, his seventh and eighth of the tournament. Cafu became the only man to play in three finals in a row. Brazil’s fifth title.

The first World Cup in Asia, and the first with two hosts. Senegal beat the holders France in the opening match, and South Korea became the first Asian semi-finalist, helped by refereeing decisions that are still disputed.

A European craft on an American launch, flung by Jupiter out of the plane of the planets to become the first to fly over the Sun’s poles. It worked for more than 18 years, nearly four times its design life.