11. Oktober

Zurich’s army was beaten by the Catholic cantons of central Switzerland, and Zwingli, marching as chaplain, was among the dead. His body was quartered and burned. The peace that followed froze the Swiss confessional map for generations.

Before sunset Mina tells the party she is in danger of a death worse than death, and asks each of them to promise to kill her rather than let her become one of the Un-Dead. Seward notes that she speaks calmly, at the hour of sunset when “her old self can be manifest”.

Nationalist forces under Mustafa Kemal fought Armenia in the east, France in the south and Greece in the west, and drove the Greek army into the sea at Smyrna in September 1922. The armistice of Mudanya ended the fighting.

Home after five years in Europe, Hawkins recorded the ballad at the end of a session, almost as an afterthought, and barely stated the melody: two choruses of improvisation on its chords. It became a hit anyway, and a lesson in harmony for the young players who would make bebop.

The economist Alexander Sachs read it to the President, who concluded, as Sachs recalled: “Alex, what you are after is to see that the Nazis don’t blow us up.” The Advisory Committee on Uranium met ten days later. Its first grant was $6,000, for materials for Fermi and Szilárd’s experiments.

Eleven crewed flights. Nine went to the Moon and six landed, and twelve men walked on it. No one has walked on it since.

In a small white house by the sea, Reagan and Gorbachev came close to agreeing to abolish all their nuclear weapons. It broke down over Reagan’s missile shield, but both men left knowing the other was serious.

The NAMES Project, begun that summer in San Francisco by Cleve Jones, laid out 1,920 panels, each the size of a grave and each for one person who had died of AIDS, during the March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights.

About a thousand ACT UP members blocked the Food and Drug Administration’s headquarters in Rockville. Within a few years the agency created accelerated approval and gave people outside trials access to experimental drugs.

Unicode 6.0 took in the emoji that Japanese phone companies had each encoded their own way, so a heart sent from one phone arrived as a heart on another. In 2015, Oxford Dictionaries chose 😂 as its Word of the Year.

Google’s model learned language by filling in hidden words in books and Wikipedia, then could be tuned to a new task with little data. It topped eleven language benchmarks at once and was soon helping to rank Google searches.