October 7

Almost every man on both sides was American: Patriot militia from over the mountains against Loyalist militia. Their commander, Major Patrick Ferguson, was the only Briton in the fight, and was killed with his whole force killed or captured.

Five new dugouts, burned out Nez Perce fashion, carried the party through rapids that the peoples along the river portaged. The Nez Perce kept their horses for the winter. The wife of Shabono our interpetr we find reconsiles all the Indians, as to our friendly intentions a woman with a party of…

A Spanish royal decree ended the patronato, the eight-year apprenticeship set up in 1880, two years early, freeing the last 25,000 or so people still held under it.

He rented a villa in the seaside village of Le Coq-sur-Mer, where the Belgian government posted two policemen at the door. The SA searched the Caputh house for weapons and found a bread knife. In September he hid in a hut on a Norfolk heath, then sailed from Southampton for America.

The Federal Republic had been founded in the west in May; now the German Democratic Republic was proclaimed in the east, in the former Air Ministry on Leipziger Straße. Germany would stay divided for 41 years.

One man in a capsule so small that he wore it rather than rode in it. Six crewed flights: two up-and-down hops over the Atlantic, then four orbital flights, each longer than the last.

Looping behind the Moon, it took 29 pictures on film, developed them on board, scanned them and radioed the images home. They were grainy, but nobody had ever seen the hemisphere that always faces away from Earth.

It photographed the side of the Moon no one had ever seen, developed the film on board, scanned it and radioed the pictures home. They were grainy, but they showed a far side almost without the dark plains of the near side.

Gorbachev came for the anniversary, and the youth parading past the leaders chanted “Gorby, help us!” The line the world remembers, “Life punishes those who come too late”, was his spokesman’s summary; to reporters he had said that danger awaits those who do not react to life. That night police…

Daniel Ek and Martin Lorentzon opened Spotify in Sweden and a handful of other European countries: free with adverts or by subscription, under licences from the major labels. It offered what Napster had offered, legally. It reached the United States in 2011.

Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna won the chemistry prize “for the development of a method for genome editing”: the first science Nobel shared by two women alone.