January 9

Jin armies took the Song capital in the Jingkang incident. The retired emperor Huizong, a painter and calligrapher, and his son Emperor Qinzong were carried north with thousands of the imperial clan and court, and both died in captivity. Only Huizong’s son Zhao Gou escaped, and refounded the…

A church court under Pierre Cauchon, Bishop of Beauvais, tried her for heresy in the English-held castle, where she was kept in chains and guarded by English soldiers. She had no counsel, and could neither read nor write, yet her answers to dozens of learned questioners fill the record.

He was forty-five and already famous. His political mentor, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, made him promise to spend a year travelling India with his ears open and his mouth shut. India marks the day as Pravasi Bharatiya Divas, for its diaspora.

An attempt to force the Dardanelles, take Constantinople and open a sea route to Russia. NZHistory counts more than 130,000 dead: at least 87,000 Ottoman soldiers and 44,000 of the Allies, among them 2,779 New Zealanders and more than 8,700 Australians.

Britain and France tried to force the Dardanelles and take Istanbul, first with ships and then with an army. After eight months the Allies evacuated almost without loss, the one part of the campaign that went to plan.

Twelve years after troops fired on a march to the Winter Palace, some 145,000 workers in Petrograd struck in its memory. Food queues were lengthening and the capital was short of bread and fuel.

Timing the pulsar PSR B1257+12 with Arecibo, Aleksander Wolszczan and Dale Frail found its ticks drifting in a pattern only planets could explain. The first confirmed worlds around another star circle a dead one, bathed in its radiation.

Steve Jobs introduced “an iPod, a phone, and an Internet communicator” as one device, with a multi-touch screen and no keyboard. It went on sale in the United States on 29 June 2007, from $499.

An iPod, a phone, and an Internet communicator… These are not three separate devices. This is one device. — Steve Jobs A phone that was almost all touchscreen, shown at Macworld. It went on sale on 29 June.

At Little Dome C, a European team drilled 2,800 metres to bedrock. The ice near the bottom should be at least 1.2 million years old: the first continuous record reaching back across the Mid-Pleistocene Transition.