25 juni

Written by Philip Melanchthon and read aloud in German by the Saxon chancellor Christian Beyer before Charles V in the bishop’s palace. Luther, still an outlaw, waited at Coburg. Its 28 articles remain the founding statement of the Lutheran churches.

Anabaptists won the city council and made Münster a “New Jerusalem”. Under siege by its bishop they expelled unbelievers, held goods in common and, under the tailor Jan van Leiden, crowned king in 1534, allowed polygamy. The city fell by treachery on the night of 24 to 25 June 1535.

The royal family slipped out of the Tuileries around midnight, the king dressed as a valet, in a heavy coach bound for the army on the eastern frontier. At Sainte-Menehould the postmaster, Jean-Baptiste Drouet, recognised the king and rode ahead to raise the alarm.

Lee attacked almost every day for a week and pushed McClellan from the edge of Richmond back to the James River. Lee lost more men, about 20,000 to 16,000 by McPherson’s count, but saved his capital. Malvern Hill alone cost 8,500 (NPS).

One of the post-dated letters has gone to post. In the morning Harker climbs along the ledge to the Count’s window, finds the room empty but for a heap of gold (Roman, British, Austrian, Hungarian, Greek and Turkish, none under three hundred years old) and follows a stair down to a ruined chapel…

Examined by Gabriel Lippmann, Edmond Bouty and Henri Moissan, she became a doctor of physical sciences. That evening, at a dinner with Ernest Rutherford among the guests, Pierre brought out a tube of radium that glowed in the dark garden. Rutherford noticed that Pierre’s hands were raw and inflamed.

Diaghilev’s first commission from the 28-year-old Stravinsky, who got it after Anatoly Lyadov was slow to deliver. Michel Fokine choreographed and Tamara Karsavina danced the Firebird. It made Stravinsky famous overnight.

German panzers crossed the wooded Ardennes, which the French thought impassable to tanks, broke through at Sedan and raced for the Channel, cutting off the best Allied armies in Belgium. France, which had held for four years in the first war, fell in six weeks.

With Stalin’s consent, Kim Il Sung’s North Korea invaded the South across the 38th parallel. A United Nations force led by the Americans fought back to the Chinese border; China’s armies drove it south again, and the front settled near where it began. Estimates of the dead run from about 2.5 to 3…

The first live worldwide satellite broadcast linked studios on five continents. Britain’s contribution was the Beatles in Studio One, recording a song written for the occasion, to an estimated audience of 400 million. The Soviet bloc pulled out days before.

Britain’s piece of the first live worldwide satellite broadcast, from Studio One at Abbey Road, with friends including Mick Jagger singing along. It reached 24 countries and an estimated 400 million people.

Thirteen teams in 1930 and 1950, sixteen from 1954 on, nearly all from Europe and South America. In 1966 the African nations boycotted the qualifiers because Africa, Asia and Oceania had one place between them; from 1970 Africa had a place of its own.

In the last minute of normal time Rob Rensenbrink hit the post with the score at 1–1. Mario Kempes scored twice in all and was the tournament’s top scorer.

Played under the military junta that took power in 1976. The commission that investigated after its fall documented nearly 9,000 people who were disappeared; human-rights groups put the number near 30,000. The navy’s ESMA detention centre stood about a kilometre from the stadium that held the final.

Algeria had played the day before, so both sides knew that a narrow German win put them both through. After the goal in the tenth minute neither team attacked again. FIFA’s answer: from 1986 the last group games kick off at the same time.

About 3,000 right-wingers of the Afrikaner Volksfront and Eugène Terre’Blanche’s Afrikaner Resistance Movement, many armed, drove an armoured vehicle through the glass front of the World Trade Centre and invaded the negotiating chamber. The negotiators went back to work.

The first samples from the Moon’s far side, 1,935.3 grams from the South Pole–Aitken basin, landed in Inner Mongolia 53 days after launch.