15 octobre

Süleyman arrived late in the season after a march through rain, having left his heaviest guns behind. Three weeks of mines and assaults failed, and the army turned for home before the snow.

In Spain, Portugal and Italy, Thursday 4 October 1582 was followed by Friday 15 October. Protestant England kept the Julian calendar until 1752. From here on, this timeline dates Iberian and Dutch events in Gregorian and English ones in Julian, as their own sources did.

A Friday: the days of the week ran on and only the dates jumped. Spain, Portugal, Poland and most of Italy switched that day, France in December, the Catholic German states within two years. Protestant Europe refused a papal calendar; England held out until 1752.

A Friday: the days of the week ran on and only the dates jumped. Spain, Portugal, Poland and most of Italy switched that day and France in December. Protestant Germany, Scandinavia, England and Scotland kept the Julian calendar, the Protestant German states until 1700, England until 1752.

He played two of his piano concertos at eleven in the morning, against a prince’s breakfast and a parade of Hessian troops. To Constanze: “splendid as to honour, but thin as to money”. The D major concerto, K. 537, has been called the “Coronation” ever since.

Queen Victoria opened it and Prince Albert had driven it. Some 100,000 exhibits from Britain, its empire and the world filled a glass hall 564 metres long, and just over six million visits were paid. The profit bought the land in South Kensington where the V&A, the Science Museum and the Natural…

Kaiser Wilhelm I attended the festival, 632 years after the first stone. With towers of 157 metres, Cologne was the tallest building in the world until the Washington Monument was finished in 1884, though it follows a design of about 1280.

The party left Charing Cross on the 12th, reached Paris that night and took the Orient Express, arriving at Varna at about five o’clock to put up at the Odessus hotel. Until the Czarina Catherine comes into port, Jonathan writes, “there will be no interest for me in anything in the wide world”.

Technical expert, third class, at the Federal Office for Intellectual Property, a job Grossmann’s father had helped him to. Eight hours a day, six days a week, he judged patents for electrical machines, and he later called the office “that worldly cloister where I hatched my most beautiful ideas”.…

His first real academic post, associate professor of theoretical physics, at the same salary as the patent office. The faculty’s first choice, Friedrich Adler, stood aside, saying Einstein was the better physicist; in 1916 Adler shot the Austrian prime minister in a Vienna restaurant.

At the National Photographic Interpretation Center, above a car dealership, analysts matched trailers and erectors on Heyser’s film to R-12 equipment described in documents passed to the West by the Soviet colonel Oleg Penkovsky. National Security Adviser McGeorge Bundy heard that evening and…

A NASA orbiter carrying a European probe, and one of the most productive planetary missions ever flown. Launch drew protests over its plutonium power source. It made 294 orbits of Saturn and sent back more than 450,000 pictures.

Ten days after the first reports on Harvey Weinstein, the actor Alyssa Milano asked women who had been sexually harassed or assaulted to reply “me too”. The phrase was activist Tarana Burke’s, in use since 2006. Within a day millions had used it.