20 juillet

Bishop Maurice, back from France, and King Ferdinand III laid the first stone, and a French-trained master built a church on the French model. Services began about 1230 and it was consecrated in 1260. It is the only Spanish cathedral that is a World Heritage Site on its own.

Rumours of brigands hired by aristocrats spread from village to village. Peasants armed themselves, found no brigands, and burned manor records of the dues they owed instead.

About 300 people came to the Wesleyan Chapel. Of the Declaration of Sentiments’ resolutions, only the ninth, demanding “the elective franchise”, failed to pass unanimously; Frederick Douglass spoke for it and it carried. 100 people signed, 68 women and 32 men.

Renfield says the birds “had all flown away”; there are feathers on his pillow and a drop of blood, and by eleven the attendant reports he has been sick with feathers: “he has eaten his birds.” Seward’s theory is complete: Renfield is a “zoöphagous (life-eating) maniac”, who wants “to absorb as…

The University of Zurich accepted it within days. Its examiners, Alfred Kleiner and Heinrich Burkhardt, missed a mathematical slip that his assistant Ludwig Hopf found in 1911; corrected, the estimate came close to today’s value. From 15 January 1906 the patent clerk was Herr Doktor Einstein.

Tsar Nicholas II, as Grand Duke, confirmed a new one-chamber parliament elected by every adult of 24, women included, who could also stand. At the first election in March 1907 19 women won seats, the first women elected to any national parliament.

In March about 40,000 women had marched on the Tauride Palace. The new election law for the Constituent Assembly gave every adult of 20 the vote, making Russia the first great power with women’s suffrage.

Jean Robic attacked on the final stage to Paris and took the Tour without ever having worn the yellow jersey during it.

The Apollo Guidance Computer had 2,048 words of erasable memory and ran software written at MIT under Margaret Hamilton, woven by hand into core rope. During the landing it overloaded and raised 1202 alarms; it dropped its low-priority jobs and kept flying, as Hamilton's team had designed it to.

The Eagle has wings. — Armstrong Collins stayed behind in Columbia, alone for 27 hours and out of touch with everyone each time he passed behind the Moon. Transcript: Apollo Flight Journal

12 min 36 s of descent engine, from 15 km up to the surface. The burn began 7 km farther along than planned, so Eagle landed 7 km long.

It's a 1202. — Armstrong The guidance computer was overloaded and shedding work, and the crew asked what the code meant. In Houston, Steve Bales and Jack Garman knew it was safe, and Mission Control said go. Four more alarms followed. Transcript: Apollo Lunar Surface Journal

The computer was steering for a crater strewn with boulders. Armstrong took over and flew Eagle past it by hand. Post-flight analysis found 45 seconds of fuel left at touchdown, not the few seconds often quoted.

The Eagle has landed. — Armstrong Armstrong flew Eagle past a field of boulders by hand and set down on the Sea of Tranquility. The companion timeline Apollo 11 follows the mission to the second.

Four billion years after the Moon formed, life from Earth stands on it. The rocks brought home showed how closely the Moon matches Earth, evidence for the giant impact. See the Apollo 11 timeline, to the second.

Houston, Tranquility Base here. The Eagle has landed. — Armstrong Roger, Twan... Tranquility. We copy you on the ground. You got a bunch of guys about to turn blue. We're breathing again. — Charlie Duke, Houston Mare Tranquillitatis, 0.674° N 23.473° E. Transcript: Apollo Lunar Surface Journal

President Valéry Giscard d’Estaing gave Thévenet the yellow jersey. The same Tour introduced the polka-dot jersey for the best climber and the white jersey for the best young rider.

The first working lander on Mars, seven years to the day after Apollo 11. Its first picture, of its own footpad on the rocks, reached Earth within minutes of the landing.