The Italian Renaissance

1401 O.S. – 1527 O.S.66 items

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The School of Athens, fresco by Raphael in the Stanza della Segnatura, Vatican, 1509–1511. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
The School of Athens, fresco by Raphael in the Stanza della Segnatura, Vatican, 1509–1511. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.

From the Baptistery doors to the Sack of Rome

In the winter of 1401 the cloth merchants of Florence held a competition for a pair of bronze doors. In May 1527 an unpaid imperial army broke into Rome while the pope fled to Castel Sant’Angelo. In between, bankers, popes, dukes and guilds in Florence, Rome, Venice, Milan, Mantua and Urbino paid for the dome, perspective, the David, the Last Supper and the Sistine ceiling, and Venetian printers made books small enough to carry.

Dates as the Florentines wrote them

Every date is in the Julian calendar, the one everybody here used; the Gregorian reform came in 1582.

Florence began its year on 25 March, the feast of the Annunciation: the stile fiorentino. A Florentine document dated 25 January 1503 was written in what we call 1504. Such dates are entered as Florence wrote them, and Timescrolly puts them in the right year: Michelangelo’s birth, the bonfire of the vanities and the meeting about where to put the David. Venice began its year on 1 March (more veneto); its January and February dates have been moved to a 1 January year by hand.

How it is laid out

  • Periods: the Medici under Cosimo and Lorenzo, Savonarola’s Florence, the Italian Wars, the pontificates of Julius II and Leo X, and the long works: two sets of Baptistery doors, the dome, the Sistine ceiling.

  • Threads to filter by: painting, sculpture, architecture, patronage, books, religion and war.

  • The map: single buildings in Florence, Rome, Venice and Milan, and the courts of Urbino, Mantua and Padua.

Items

  1. The competition for the Baptistery doors

    Baptistery of San Giovanni, Florence

  2. Ghiberti’s north doors

    ≈ 20 years, 7 months · Baptistery of San Giovanni, Florence

  3. Donatello’s St George at Orsanmichele

    ≈ 2 years · Orsanmichele, Florence

  4. Brunelleschi’s dome

    ≈ 15 years, 10 months · Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence

  5. Masolino and Masaccio fresco the Brancacci Chapel

    4 years · Brancacci Chapel, Santa Maria del Carmine, Florence

  6. Ghiberti’s Gates of Paradise

    ≈ 27 years · Baptistery of San Giovanni, Florence

  7. Masaccio dies in Rome at twenty-six

    Rome

  8. Cosimo de’ Medici’s Florence

    ≈ 29 years, 9 months

  9. Alberti’s On Painting

  10. Pope Eugene IV consecrates the cathedral

    Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence

  11. Fra Angelico paints the cells of San Marco

    ≈ 7 years · Convent of San Marco, Florence

  12. The Council of Florence reunites the churches

    Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence

  13. Michelozzo begins the Palazzo Medici

    Palazzo Medici, Via Larga, Florence

  14. The Foundling Hospital takes its first child

    Ospedale degli Innocenti, Florence

  15. Brunelleschi dies

    Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence

  16. Leonardo is born at Vinci

    Vinci

  17. Donatello’s Gattamelata is set up in Padua

    Piazza del Santo, Padua

  18. Benozzo Gozzoli paints the Medici chapel

    Palazzo Medici, Via Larga, Florence

  19. Ficino translates Hermes for the dying Cosimo

    Villa Medici at Careggi

  20. Mantegna’s Camera degli Sposi

    ≈ 9 years · Castello di San Giorgio, Mantua

  21. Printing comes to Venice

    Venice

  22. Lorenzo the Magnificent

    ≈ 22 years, 4 months

  23. Verrocchio’s golden ball crowns the dome

    Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence

  24. Michelangelo is born at Caprese

    Caprese, upper Tiber valley

  25. The Duke of Urbino’s studiolo

    Palazzo Ducale, Urbino

  26. The Pazzi conspiracy

    Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence

  27. Botticelli’s Primavera and Birth of Venus

    6 years

  28. Botticelli, Perugino and Ghirlandaio paint the Sistine walls

    ≈ 1 year · Sistine Chapel, Vatican

  29. Leonardo in Milan

    ≈ 17 years · Castello Sforzesco, Milan

  30. Raphael is born in Urbino

    Casa Santi, Urbino

  31. Pico’s nine hundred theses

    Rome

  32. Lorenzo de’ Medici dies at Careggi

    Villa Medici at Careggi

  33. The Italian Wars

    ≈ 32 years, 9 months

  34. Savonarola’s Florence

    ≈ 3 years, 6 months

  35. Leonardo paints the Last Supper

    ≈ 3 years · Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan

  36. Aldus prints his first dated book

    Aldus’s shop, Sant’Agostin, Venice

  37. The Battle of Fornovo

    The Taro near Fornovo

  38. The bonfire of the vanities

    Piazza della Signoria, Florence

  39. Savonarola is hanged and burned

    Piazza della Signoria, Florence

  40. Michelangelo carves the Pietà

    10 months, 9 days · St Peter’s Basilica, Vatican

  41. Aldus prints the Hypnerotomachia Poliphili

    Aldus’s shop, Sant’Agostin, Venice

  42. Aldus’s pocket Virgil in italic type

    Aldus’s shop, Sant’Agostin, Venice

  43. Michelangelo carves the David

    ≈ 2 years, 8 months · Opera del Duomo workshop, Florence

  44. Leonardo and Michelangelo paint battles for the Great Council

    ≈ 2 years, 7 months · Palazzo Vecchio, Florence

  45. Pope Julius II

    ≈ 9 years, 3 months

  46. Artists meet to decide where the David goes

    Opera del Duomo workshop, Florence

  47. The David is unveiled at the Palazzo Vecchio

    Piazza della Signoria, Florence

  48. Bellini’s San Zaccaria altarpiece

    San Zaccaria, Venice

  49. The Laocoön is dug up in a Roman vineyard

    Esquiline Hill, Rome

  50. The first stone of the new St Peter’s

    St Peter’s Basilica, Vatican

  51. Raphael paints the Stanza della Segnatura

    ≈ 3 years · Raphael Rooms, Apostolic Palace, Vatican

  52. Michelangelo paints the Sistine ceiling

    ≈ 4 years, 5 months · Sistine Chapel, Vatican

  53. The first half of the ceiling is shown

    Sistine Chapel, Vatican

  54. The Medici return to Florence

    Florence

  55. The Sistine ceiling is unveiled

    Sistine Chapel, Vatican

  56. Pope Leo X

    ≈ 8 years, 8 months

  57. Machiavelli writes The Prince

    Albergaccio, Sant’Andrea in Percussina

  58. Aldus Manutius dies

    Venice

  59. Ariosto’s Orlando Furioso is printed in Ferrara

    Ferrara

  60. Luther’s Ninety-five Theses

    Wittenberg

  61. Titian’s Assumption is unveiled in the Frari

    Basilica dei Frari, Venice

  62. Leonardo dies at Amboise

    Clos Lucé, Amboise

  63. Raphael dies at thirty-seven

    Pantheon, Rome

  64. The Battle of Pavia

    Park of Mirabello, Pavia

  65. The Sack of Rome

    The Borgo and the Vatican, Rome

  66. Florence throws out the Medici again

    Florence