22 juli

Godfrey of Bouillon was chosen to rule but would not be called king where Christ had worn a crown of thorns. After Saladin took Jerusalem in 1187 the kingdom lived on along the coast, ruled from Acre for a century.

The last and best recorded: an itinerary preserved by Zhu Yunming gives the day of each arrival and departure. The fleet carried more than 27,000 men, reached Hormuz, and sent squadrons to Aden, Mecca, Bengal and the African coast.

“Giacomo came to live with me on St Mary Magdalene’s day 1490, aged ten years.” On his second day he stole; Leonardo listed him as “thief, liar, obstinate, glutton”. Nicknamed Salaì, “little devil”, he stayed with him for more than twenty-five years.

Lobbied by manufacturers and outports such as Liverpool, Parliament opened trade with India to any British merchant. The Company kept its monopoly of the China trade, and with it tea. The act also let missionaries into India.

Hood struck at Sherman’s flank east of the city and was thrown back. Union general James B. McPherson was killed. 12,140 casualties (NPS), 8,499 of them Confederate.

After three days of rough weather and work the crew “seem to have forgotten their dread”. The Demeter passes Gibraltar and goes out through the Straits.

The newspaper Le Petit Journal sent 21 vehicles on the 126 kilometres from Porte Maillot to Rouen. The Comte de Dion’s steam tractor arrived first, but the judges were marking safety, ease of handling and running costs, and shared first prize between Panhard et Levassor and Peugeot, both with…

Among thousands of red-eyed flies Morgan found one white-eyed male. The trait passed almost only to males and followed the X chromosome: the first gene tied to a particular chromosome. He reported it in Science as “sex limited inheritance”.

Hermann Muller, a fly-room alumnus now in Texas, showed that X-rays raise the mutation rate of fruit flies about 150-fold. Genes were physical things that radiation could damage. He won the Nobel prize in 1946 and spent the rest of his life warning about fallout.

The SS ordered the ghetto’s Jewish council to deliver thousands of people a day to the railway siding. Its head, Adam Czerniaków, took his own life the next day rather than comply. By September about 265,000 Jews from the Warsaw ghetto had been sent to Treblinka and murdered.

Delegates from 44 Allied nations spent three weeks at a resort hotel in the White Mountains. John Maynard Keynes for Britain and Harry Dexter White for the United States argued out a new order, and White’s dollar-centred plan won. They founded the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.

30 orbits in 59 h 30 min, each about two hours long.

Two and a half minutes of main engine, again behind the Moon and out of contact. It had to work: there was no other way home.

The American rode 18 stages and finished on the Champs-Élysées the day Laurent Fignon won the men’s race. On the climb into Grenoble she was ten minutes ahead of everyone with 50 kilometres to go.

Twenty-one fragments of a comet torn apart by Jupiter’s gravity struck the planet over six days, leaving dark scars larger than Earth. They hit the side facing away from us; Galileo, still on its way, had the only direct view.

Copernicus’s ERA5 put the global average surface air temperature at 17.16 °C, the highest in its record back to 1940 and 0.07 °C above the record set the day before.